Water Interface Materials
Designing materials that control water capture, transport, release, and phase change
We design functional materials and interfaces that regulate how water is captured, transported, released and converted across solid–liquid–vapour boundaries. Integrating hydrogels, sorbents, photothermal structures and responsive interfaces, our research advances atmospheric water harvesting, solar-enabled water treatment and water-responsive energy technologies.
Key Research Directions
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Hydrogel Design & Water Transport: Engineering multifunctional hydrogel materials with tailored water affinity, permeability and structural pathways to regulate water uptake, transport and release for water, energy and environmental applications.
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Atmospheric Water Capture & Release: Developing sorbent-based and hybrid material platforms that capture moisture from air and enable controlled freshwater release under diverse environmental conditions.
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Interfacial Evaporation & Condensation: Designing photothermal and water-transport interfaces that promote efficient solar-driven evaporation, vapour management and condensation for desalination, water purification and freshwater generation.
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Water–Energy Conversion Interfaces:: Creating responsive material systems that couple water transport and ion movement with sensing, electricity generation and other self-powered functions.
Team

Prof Sai Kishore RAVI
Team Lead

Muthusankar Ganesan
Postdoc

Bin Cheng
PhD Student

Weicheng Chen
Research Assistant
Major outcomes
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Journal: Advanced Materials (2019), 31(10), 1806730
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Authors: Nandakumar, D. K., Zhang, Y., Ravi, S. K., Guo, N., Zhang, C., & Tan, S. C*.

Figure: a) Prototype built for on-field study of the absorption characteristics of the hydrogel. The prototype device floating on the sea surface with b) and without c) the aluminum cover. The inset image in (b) shows a zoomed photograph of the device fitted with an aluminum foil cover to prevent direct sunlight irradiation on the hydrogel. d) Cross-sectional view of the prototype. e) Plot showing the temperature increase in the glass substrate and the chamber between the hydrogel and the sponge with and without the cover. f) Relative humidity measurements in the chamber between the sponge and the hydrogel. g) Schematic of the setup used for water harvesting from the saturated hydrogel. h) Setup used for water harvesting. i) Digital photograph showing the water droplets condensed along the side walls. j) Digital photograph of the side wall of the glass container showing uniform condensation of water droplets.
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Journal: Science Advances, Vol. 11, No. 27 (2025)
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Authors: Guo, S., Patel, S., Wang, J., Yu, Z., Qu, H., Zhang, S., Yu, K., Liu, S., Koh, J.J., Koh, X.Q., Ooi, Z.-E., Seng, D.H.L., Sun, W., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Ravi, S.K*., Yu, C*., & Tan, S.C*.

Hierarchically Promoted Light Harvesting and Management in Photothermal Solar Steam Generation
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Journal: Advanced Materials (2025), 37(5), 2406666
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Authors: Xu, Bolin; Ganesan, Muthusankar; Devi, Ramadhass Keerthika; Ruan, Xiaowen; Chen, Weicheng; Lin, Chun Che; Chang, Huan-Tsung; Lizundia, Erlantz; An, Alicia Kyoungjin; & Ravi, Sai Kishore*

Figure: Comparison of water evaporation rates of recent representative research works utilizing different classes of photothermal materials and light management strategies, categorized into the three broad hierarchical synergies.
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Journal: Advanced Functional Materials (2024), 34(52), 2410999
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Authors: Chen, W., Liu, Y*., Xu, B., Cheng, B., Ganesan, M., Tan, Y., Luo, M., Chen, B., Zhao, X., Lin, C., Qin, T., Luo, F., Fang, Y., Wang, S., Liang, X., Fu, W., Tan, B., Ye, R., Leung, D.Y.C*., & Ravi, S.K*.

Figure: Stability of Ni─Ni3S2 mesh/BMOF. a) Cyclic dynamic water adsorption–desorption curve of Ni─Ni3S2 mesh/BMOF. b) Schematic diagram of the chamber with airflow. c) Daily water release curves of sorbents at 25 °C and 60%RH.
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Journal: Advanced Functional Materials (2026), e16624
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Authors: Chen, W., Liu, Y., Luo, M., Tan, Y., Yao, J., Chen, B., Chen, Z., Ganesan, M., Zhao, X., Lin, C., Qin, T., Fang, Y., Wang, S., Fu, W., Tan, B., Zou, T., Luo, Y., Ravi, S. K*., & Leung, D.Y*.
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Link: https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/adfm.202516624

Figure: Self-designed Water Generation Unit (WGU). a) Digital photograph and diagrammatic cross-section of the WGU. b) Working schematic of the WGU.
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Filed patent: WO2019035772A1
WIPO (PCT) -
Inventor: Dilip Krishna Nandakumar, Sai Kishore Ravi, Swee Ching Ta

